Kentucky Derby Favorites – Aspirations January 24th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Staying young is about thinking young and that is one of the great things about the Triple Crown for all online best sportsbook bettors as all of the sophomore crop with any degree of talent have aspirations to star the first Saturday in May in the Kentucky Derby.

This season appears to be wide open and it’s possible the true leaders of the divisions are still in the background, but online players should be prepared to follow a few of the following youngsters as they try to grow into their skin.

The 2-year-old champion Hansen was as game as they come winning the Breeders’ Cup Juvenile to remain unbeaten and although he has the advantage of proving himself at Churchill he was losing ground in the lane.

He started his sport betting comeback the day before Christmas and posted a solid 1:00 2/5 work at Gulfstream on January 7. Bred to roll long on the top being by Tapit, he is out of a three for 4 dam that was sprint only. Lone sibling Tapanna won twice, both at a mile on the synthetic at Turfway.

As brilliant as he is, he will muddle the pace if he shows in May but it’s hard to see him getting the classic distance at this point.

The runner-up in the Juvenile, Union Rags, had a rough trip that day and he started his regimen at Palm Meadows on January 11 and his style suggests he will thrive with more real estate.

Creative Cause has the blood to run long and he is obviously talented. By the Storm Cat sire Giant’s Causeway, he is out of a dam that is by a stout influence and the way he came away late winning the Norfolk last year at Santa Anita suggests he will be a true force.

The West Coast hopes will surround the improvement of Liason, a son of Indian Charlie who won the Cash Call Futurity. In the right hands of Bob Baffert, this guy cost nearly $300,000, he’s only lost once and he had an excuse that day and he has proven he has no problem passing horses.

Baffert is already cranking this guy up as he drilled in a best of 16 bullet workout of 1:11 flat at Santa Anita on January 19.

Gemologist, trained by Todd Pletcher, had a solid campaign last year and has a right to run till the cows come home as he is by 2-time Breeders’ Cup Classic winner Tiznow.

Sabercat won the Delta Downs Jackpot and we’ll learn more about him when he shows in the San Felipe Stakes.

Peruvian star Fly Lexis Fly takes his lessons from world-class horseman Neil Drysdale and will get tested for class in the Santa Anita Derby.

With Super Bowl betting in sight, you never want to go Out of Bounds, but the runner by that name was impressive taking the Sham Stakes and the pedigree screams distance as he is kin to Etched, who handled slop taking the 9 furlong Meadowlands Cup, won a Grade 2 at Monmouth at the same demanding distance and was compromised when he tired the Breeders’ Cup Classic when he broke slowly and had to rush up.

These are the prominent names but all that will change in the following weeks and we all need to pay attention.

More to come.

How is my horse betting system January 22nd, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Okay, Im not serious about it, just fooling around with a spreadsheet and some older Preakness and Derby results.

Basiclly what I did was make a spread sheet that has you type in the win odds for every horse and then that tells how much of a bet I need to make on that horse to make a goal I set formyself.

Say I want to leave the races with 5000 In my pocket.

I just find the amount I need to bet on each horse to have in the case of that horse winning me collect my $5000 goal. So

for a horse thats 10-1 I would have to bet $500 to make my goal of 5000 (Actually that would give me 5500 but I’m still trying to figure out how to factor that into the excel sheet)

Anyway, what I’ve figured out is that I just knock out the top 1 or 2 favored horses and that decreses the total investment I put in to be under my goal of 5000.

I know that if those top 2 favored horeses win I’m screwed, I’m not saying its a perfect system.

Basically, bet on every horse except for the top 2 favorites, and bet in scale so that every horse gives an equal payoff that will be above the total amount invested.

For example, I ran this with the 2011 kentucky derby and I made a profit of 11% on a 70% chance of victory.

(I reversed the odds to see what the % chance a horse would win the race would be and then factored that in to find the risk that one of the horses I didn’t bet on would win)

Over the long term, you will lose because the payoffs won’t equal the amount of money you need to invest. You didn’t state what type of bet you would be placing, but I’m assuming you’re betting to win. that means, you are spreading your cash over the entire field in hopes of getting one winner. If that winner is a huge longshot, you might be in the clear.

The Triple Crown races are unlike the majority of day to day races due to the huge fields and mostly, closely matched horses. The average race consists of 6 -8 contestants. If you have a six horse field most of your odds will be quite short, necessitating in your having to lay out more money to recoup your investment.

Additionally, due to OTB and internet wagering, you won’t know the pools and true odds until after the horses have started the race.

I suggest honing your handicapping skills then looking for logical longshots racing against vulnerable favorites, especially on off tracks or turf races switched to the dirt. That’s where you’ll find most of your longshot winners.

Either way, good luck with your system.

Nationally favorites win 30% of the time. So 3-4 out of you 10 races you will lose.(If your leaving the second choice out to) If your going to cover all the 8-10 to 1 shots in a given race.. That would be around 2500 bucks in a 8-12 horse field.
So one of your picks would have to win every other race to break even..
Like said before.. Hone your handicapping skills.. Does not cost anything to play on paper..
That’s how I started.. Took yesterdays form.. Marked the money runners .. And studied the heck out of it.. Then Got the active form and played “On Paper” Have some fun with it.

I found reading your system very interesting, and it could be as good as any if your willing to try it, giving it the test of time.. some even have thrown darts at the form to see what horse or horses to bet on, or they like the name or number..sounds craZy..well, ya never know right..lol. Well, as a handicapper for many years, I think there’s a better way. They are endless systems out there,however, I have found no magic systems or formulas I promise you. Understanding race horse handicapping is a must and that’s knowing how to read a horse racing form. Handicapping is a skill in which one gets better with time, and with time your skill will still continue to grow. I’ve been handicapping for years and still find new angles. When making picks, I first handicap the race, I look at each horse’s performance under prior racing conditions that most matches the conditions of the track and race that day. This information is usually in the program. The Daily Racing Form (DRF) is a great source on-line and is usually on sale at the track, this form is designed to provide all of the past performance information, as well as articles, analysis, and handicapper picks and tips. Keep in mind, The Daily Racing Form has an incredible amount of information entered into a small space, so abbreviations are used, and columns are used. It’s not as confusing as you would think. Once you’re familiar with reading the Information properly, it becomes very easy. The bottom line is to seek for clues to predict the winner of the race. Most importantly, handicapping is taking all of the available information, combining it all, and analyzing the horses. The more information you utilize in your picks, over time you will better your chances of having winning tickets. It is, of course, NOT guaranteed that you’ll always have the winner, you’re dealing only with probabilities and possibilities, because Horse Racing is very unpredictable, anything can happen at any time and it usually does, so if anyone promises a guaranteed pick, don’t ever believe it, for it’s impossible. I enjoy horse racing, however, I only bet on certain races, mostly the High Stake Races. I do it for fun, and manage my money wisely. I’m very active in helping race horses, trainers and owner, and the Industry, so it’s more than a betting game to me. I love it, and I’m not in it for the gamble. Always remember there is NO Guarantee in anything ! The odds on a horse are a good indicator of where the horse is expected to finish (a horse with 2/1 odds has a better chance of winning than a 30/1 horse, but the 30/1 horse is a much better payout, however, if you want to play it safe, look for a horse with at least 3/1 odds). Other factors to take into consideration: When did the horse run its last race? Experts say you want your horse to have run a race within the last 28 days to be sure it’s in good shape. How many horses are competing? Obviously, it’s a lot harder to pick a winner when there are a lot of contestants in the race. What does it say on the horses form? If there is a C, the horse has won on that track before. If there is a D, the horse has won on that distance before. These are both good bets. These are some tips, however, there’s a whole lot more to handicapping, and it’s a skill that takes time and the learning never ends. If you know which horses have the best chance of winning and which horses have no chance of winning, you are armed with a huge advantage. And you can put that advantage to good use in just about every race on the card on days you’re at the track. So, when you only have to concentrate on four horses, you have a great chance of picking a winner, with that a wonderful chance of betting on an exacta, a trifecta or even a superfecta. And with the odds in your favor, chances are you’ll be winning and cashing in more big bets than you lose. Whatever system you choose I wish you the best of luck..Have Fun :)

If you bet with that system, you will surely be walking around a poor man guaranteed….

…Billy Ray

What do I need to know about horse betting January 21st, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Okay i’m sure I’m missing a lot more detail, I don’t know anything about betting on horses other then just how payout on the ods works

50:1 odds means if I bet 1 dollar and my horse wins I make 50 bucks, Im sure that the house takes a cut of that but how do I figure out that cut.

I am trying to figure out a little math trick

AND YES I KNOW THAT EVERYONE SAYS THAT THEY HAVE THE SYSTEM THAT COULD MAKE A KILLING AT THE RACES AND THAT IT WONT WORK AND IT NEVER WORKS AND ITS ALL BLIND LUCK

It’s just for entertainment and to see if there is something there. Also I just need a list of odds and race results if thats possible to help give me data to work on the system.

You can also bet Place, which means second place, or Show, which is third. It pays less but you have a better chance since Place pays if the horse wins or comes in second and Show pays if the horse is first, second or third.

It’s not all blind luck. Successful horse players, and there are some, spend a lot of time and effort handicapping races. The only odds you can know for sure before a race is run are the win odds. If the win odds on the tote board are 50 to 1 and your horse wins, you get $102 back on a $2 bet. That’s Your original $2 plus 50 x $2. Place and show winnings cannot be calculated until after the race is run because the amount depends upon which horse came 2nd, in the case of place, or 3rd for show. The track takes a cut but it is built into the odds you see on the tote board or on whatever site you may be playing on, so, if you see 50 to 1, your odds are 50 to 1. To get started, try logging onto the Daily Racing Form (search on DRF) look at entries and, better, results for different tracks for different days. Have fun, it’s a great sport. If you you play for real money, don’t get carried away.

LeComte, Palos Verdes Wide Open January 21st, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Who: Thoroughbreds – Dan and Sheila, Z Dager, Amazombie, Courtside, Euroears
What: Horse Racing Betting Tips – The LeComte, The Palos Verdes
Where: Fair Grounds, Santa Anita
When: Saturday, January 21st

The tougher the handicapping challenge, the greater the opportunity for value. That looks like the case in Saturday’s Grade 3 LeComte at Fair Grounds and Grade 2 Palos Verdes at Santa Anita. None in the 13-horse LeComte field stand out, as evidenced by #11-Shared Property being assigned morning line favoritism at a lukewarm price of 4-1. The Palos Verdes is tricky because of the likelihood of rain, which may prevent Breeders’ Cup Sprint champ Amazombie from running. Let’s take a closer look at these races below.

#4-Mr. Bowling (8-1) may have had an excuse last out in the Grade 3 Iroquois, cutting back to one turn after romping in the two-turn Dover at Delaware Park. Trainer Larry Jones believes his horse will have a better chance to settle in The LeComte. Robbie Albarado takes over the riding chores aboard this Brereton Jones homebred. #5-Exfactor (5-1) has won three straight sprinting, and will be making his two-turn bow in The LeComte. #6-Seven Lively Sins (9-2) hails from the red-hot Albert Stall barn, but may not be fully cranked. #8-Hammers Terror (6-1) is unbeaten in three starts at three tracks, including Fair Grounds last out. His descending Beyers (79, 78, 72) haven’t scared anyone away, however. Unbeaten #10-Capetown Devil is a horse on the rise, and will attract support at the windows. #11-Shared Property (4-1) is coming off a 3 ?-month break, and may need a race.

I’ll take a shot with the somewhat unusual Zayat Stables coupling of #2-Dan and Sheila (6-1), trained by Todd Pletcher and #2b-Z Dager, trained by Steve Asmussen. Both halves of the entry are promising, lightly-raced horses…and when you can get both Pletcher and Asmussen for the price of one, at 5-1 or better to boot, what’s not to like? Dan and Sheila won his debut going a one-turn mile at Gulfstream Park, and acts like a horse who wants a distance of ground. Z Dager owns a two-turn win locally, albeit in the slop, and should move forward off that effort. Key the Zayat entry top and bottom in the exacta with the horses mentioned above. The tickets look like this: 2/4,5,6,8,10,11 and 4,5,6,8,10,11/2.

If #2-Amazombie (9-5) goes in The Palos Verdes, it will be because trainer Bill Spawr is comfortable with the track conditions. Still, I wouldn’t have much of a betting interest in Amazombie at what will probably be an underlaid price. With him out of the race, I’d lean toward the fast and classy Euroears, who’s making the final start of his career. Euroears’ outside post should give him an advantage…rider Martin Garcia will have the option to lead or press, and avoid eating a ton of slop in the process. I’ll bet on the millionaire #8-Euroears to win his final engagement at odds of 3-1 or better.

Those are my horse racing betting tips for the weekend. Best of luck and happy gambling!

What Are Selections for Both LeComte Stakes and Colonel E. R. Bradley Handicap 2012 Sat. January 20th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Win Place Show Picks for LeComte Stakes and Colonel E. R. Bradley Handicap 2012 Sat. at Fairgrounds?

Free Past Performances for both races 7 & 11 – http://www.bloodhorse.com/pdf/BradlyLeComte2012PPs.PDF

Note when horses are coupled only pick one of the two, you can’t get credit for one or the other like in reality betting.

Be sure to pick Win Place Show picks for Both Races- Thx and enjoy :)
My Picks-

Race 7-

Win- 5 Baltimore Bob – Class
Place- 6 Lonesome Street – Won on Track
Show – 2 Suntracer

Alt. in Show position- 8 Glenwood Canyon

Race 11-

Win – 3 Mr. Bowling
Place – 8 Hammers Terror – Tactical Speed
Show – 11 Shared Property

Alt. in show position- 2 Dan And Sheila

Race 7-

Win- 2 Suntracer – Rosie wins with just about every horse she gets aboard
Place- 5 Baltimore Bob
Show- 6 Lonesome Street

Race 11-

Win- 2 Dan and Sheila – Pletcher and JV
Place- 6 Seven Lively Sins
Show- 3 Mr. Bowling

5. BALTIMORE BOB
8. GLENWOOD CANYON
7. MR VEGAS

Race7

2/Win/Suntracer
6/place/ Lonesome Street
1/Show/ Strike Impact

Alternate/3 / Baltimore Bob

Race11

11/Win/ Shared Property
2/Place/ Dan And Sheila
8/Show/ Hammers Terror

Alternate/6/ Seven Lively Sins

@ FROSTITUTE – You need to make picks for race 11 too to qualify.

C Bradley H. Race 7
Win (2) Suntracer
Plc (6) Lonesome Street
Shw (4) Dubious Miss

Alt: (3) Heavenville goes to 3rd place if any is Declared.

Lecomte Race 11
Win (5) Exfactor
Plc (11) Shared Property
Shw (6) Seven Lively Sins

Alt: (4) Mr. Bowling goes to 3rd place if any is Declared.

Evening Attire Stakes Betting – Formal Wear January 19th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Who: Thoroughbreds – I Want Revenge
What: Horse Racing Betting Tips – The $75,000 Evening Attire Stakes
Where: Aqueduct
When: Saturday, January 21st

It will be a black-tie only deal Saturday as the Evening Attire Stakes is renewed and the winner will be trying to etch his name in the record books along sides stars like Kelso, Tom Rolfe and Damascus.

Last season, Heart Butte turned the natural hat trick in this race as he was winning his third in a row and was coming off an inner strip score in a $50,000 optional. He won virtually wire-to-wire after getting away with pedestrian splits to post an 89 Beyer.
Originally named the Aqueduct Handicap, this race was named for the elder statesman and runner that competed till he was 10.

This year, a short and sweet online betting package of 6 will contend for the major portion of the purse and let’s open the bidding with a runner that, like Heart Butte, won an optional claimer last time.

Thunder Ball will be trying to make it rain on his foes today. He is shooting for his 4th in a row but has never run on the inner strip. His streak started in a $25,000 Laurel claimer and he could be a bit overmatched here.

On the sports betting rail comes Eighttofasttocash, a gelding that just wants to beat ya. He’s won 9 of his 30 starts, and will be trying to win off a slight vacation. He cashed off a layoff in April of 2010 with an 83 Beyer.

Four of his 5 wins last year were in stakes and he was coming away last time with a race leading 104 Beyer.
Those that like the revenge motive have a vehicle with I Want Revenge, who failed at 3-5 the last time seen in May in a $58,000 stakes.

He could be a bit fragile with only 13 starts at age of 6, but he has tons of back class after winning the Wood Memorial as a sophomore. Far from disgraced in his best effort last year with a 4th in the Grade 1 Donn, he has trained solidly for this for 33% trainer Richard Dutrow Jr.

You have the sportsbooks Terminator and the Jimanator. This reformed claimer took the Grade 3 Fred Hooper in his best moment of 2011 and he ran into a roadblock last time in a $75,000 Philly stakes.

Day of Destiny will be a price. Claimed for $35,000 from a winning effort two back, he was never in the hunt last time and has never been in a stakes.

Closing out the field will be Redding Colliery, who won his only inner strip effort here back in January of 2010 when he controlled a :48 1/5, 1:13 pace to take a $50K optional.

The runner comes off a dull return at Penn National in his lone start of 2011 and hard to see him clearing here.
So how does it unfold?

They say speed kills but not today.

I Want Revenge has natural velocity but he doesn’t need the lead to win. On his best day he can give you a sub :46 half and a 1:09 and change three quarters and if he does that, it’s going, going, gone on the front end.

Revenge is sweet.

Betting Horse Racing – Trending January 17th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

Recognizing where winners are coming from on the tracks that one plays is key for all online sport betting enthusiasts so let’s take a glance at was has been trending around the country in New York and Florida.
Let’s look at the frozen tundra of the inner strip at Aqueduct to kick it off.
0

As one would have expected, speed is always a key ingredient to success on the inner strip.
Players have to pay attention of the weather conditions to get an edge in New York. The crosswind on the backstretch can play havoc with some inexperienced runners and it is possible to come from left field on the inner if there is enough speed in the race.
The first week of the year, speed was vulnerable but don’t expect that trend to hold for too long. Another factor that comes into play is the post-position on this strip.

Drawing inside, including the first 5 posts going short, can be the difference between sportsbooks winning and losing.
As far as the human element, despite all the problems about licensing for Richard Dutrow Jr., he is still winning races in bunches in New York. A total of 15 of his first 46 starters won and 17 others ran in the money.

Value trainers at this point include David Jacobson, Chris Englehart and Gary Contessa, whose winners have all averaged double digits.

For those that follow the sunshine, Gulfstream offers some exclusive puzzles daily and it’s tough to decipher form since runners can come from Kentucky, Canada, New York, Jersey and across the pond to pit skills.

It has not been easy to carry speed on the local grass so there has been value with deep closers so far on the turf.
Inside slots going short have also been a challenge so far at Gulfstream. Posts from 5 through 9 have been preferred sprinting so far.

On the grass, being mired inside has not been the place to be so far this meet. Runners from the outside slots have generally been able to settle, get to the rail and save some sort of ground, then rally big time in the final furlong to pick up most of the cash.

There also have been some interesting jockey/trainer combinations this meet. For years John Velazquez was Todd Pletcher’s go to guy but early in the Gulfstream meet this season, J. J. Castellano has ridden more winners for this barn.
There have been three trainers, Kirk Ziadie, Pete Walder and Jane Cibelli, who have not sent out a lot of horses so far but the results have been excellent.

Combined, of their first 39 starters saddled, 13 came back to greet the cameraman for a snappy 33%.
Online betting players have to also look for value with trainers and that’s all about double-digit winners on the tote. Dale Romans first 4 winners of the meet averaged over $17, Eddie Plesa was averaging a solid 5-1 with his first 8 happy endings of the stand and Florida stalwart Marty Wolfson’s winners came back paying at least $12 so far.

For rider, players could do worse than give mounts by Joe Rocco and Fernando Jara and extra look on the way to the window.

How is it scientifically possible for mythboy- Jesus Christ to REALLY come back January 16th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

A guy riding on horses on the clouds.Yeah,Really?Here are 3 ways i think its possible:
1)There has to be some kind of rip in the space time fabric(extra dimensions) and the collective unconscious of only christians solidify in the physical world.Then the rip closes .Maybe from a rogue black/white hole passing through the area or something.Is that even possible?(portable space/time distorting like phenomena).This one is outlandish and may have a 1 in a trillionth or more % of happening.But….. still possible.

or 2)Maybe he Really is an Alien from another planet, who wants to depopulate(weaken the spirit of humans) the planet to make way for a carnivorous race of flesh eaters.Also outlandish….but you never know.

or 3) he could already be alive in the flesh today ,waiting for the right time to rise to Power ,like Hitler did, to slaughter Billions of innocents.
Id bet money on Number 3.That’s the ONLY way christians will ever see myth-boy in the flesh.

  • I hope he comes down there and slaps you for being so arrogant.
  • GOD IS REAL AND HE FLIES SO no problem…grow up
    why are you here spouting?
  • Jesus already rose from the dead, and He didn’t ride in on a white stead
    it is not a matter of science, it is a matter of faith
  • B^tch please!
    -_-
  • what is your opinion about converting a sperm to a human?
    isn’t it more strange?
  • I love how you call Him myth boy when it has been proven that Jesus walked this earth around the same time the Bible says He did. Whether you believe He is Messiah or just a man is up to you but He was no myth. You can try to act intelligently superior to Christians, but we all know it’s just an act.

what do you think of the opening day attendace at santa anita January 15th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

i was at opening day at santa anita and it was jammed with people. 44,000 came it was like wow and there were no superstar horse that ran even. i wished we get this kind of crowd more often. wished i had a better day with the betting. but a great day to be part of the atmosphere. the paddock was crowded with people race by race and there were long lines of people getting foods etc. young people looked like they’ve never been to the races before and that’s what we need because horse racing right now is not doing good right now at the moment.

Yes, it was quite impressive to say the least which is good for California racing. To add: The fall meet handle was up as well in both So Cal and Nor Cal along with the attendance. Are we starting to turn things around? :- )

** Added Info…

Track Attendance: 44,579 raving fans

Handle: $4,246,752 dollars

….Billy Ray

The opening day attendance was impressive with New Hats everywhere..lol.., there was no superstar horse as you stated, but there was Mr. Commons in the Sir Beaufort and The Factor in the Malibu was there to impress and gave the crowd of exactly 44,579 plenty to cheer. And, to add The Factor fared me well. I read that the crowd was the largest on opening day since 1994 and 30 percent bigger than the crowd of 34,268 that attended last year, when opening day was on a Sunday. It’s an impressive number and a positive for the industry to see such numbers..and yes, it is what we need and to see more of.

:)

Let’s hope this is a positive sign. It has been discouraging to look at the cards for So. California tracks and see five and six horse fields then on race day have several scratches. Had Mr.Commons but waffled between Smash & The Factor. Took the wrong one. One of these days I’m just going to ask for suggestions from YA handicappers the day before then go with the horse(s) Sandra picks.

Oh, Ernie, I think I saw you on TV!

OK, just kidding, but it looked like everyone was having a great time and the races were great.

Parenting: Do the prettiest people do the ugliest things January 14th, 2012 | Horse Racing betting | No Comments »

I was at my local gym working out, then afterwards I went in to the basketball gym. There was youth ball going on. This beautiful ten year old mixed race boy that I watch was standing in the crowded doorway talking to his teammates. He was making fun of the movie war horse. His big beautiful green eyes glimmered, as he told the story. Then he spotted me watching him and asked "dude why are you always here? Do you even have a kid?" I looked behind me, then back at him. He said "I’m talking to you n!66a" So I just stay quiet and smile. then he says " i bet war horse is his second favorite movie, right after dolphin tail" then all his friends laugh at me as I leave the gym.

How could such a beautiful child be so cruel?

Bad parenting.

Overall cruelty is found in people of varying appearances, simply because the child is attractive does not mean that he is kind. One cannot determine disposition by physical attractiveness.

He didn’t say those things because he’s beautiful
Nor would an ugly child do something pretty because their ugly
Comes down to the child

He didn’t even say anything cruel, the n-word is just slang nowadays don’t take it to heart. He asked you why you’re always at youth basketball games when you don’t have kids. Judging by your obsession with his looks I would say that was a good question. Then he said you like movies he thinks is lame? Nothing cruel about that. However, I do find this kid funny and you creepy.

Depends on the parent. I think you mean why do such innocent, sweet looking children have such vial mess coming from their mouths. It depends on the parent, child and influences really and I’m sorry you have experiences with this. Remember, there is no way to look at someone and tell who they should be, if anything you learned not to judge a book by its cover. Reasoning like that is the basis of racism and similar ideas.